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Schmidt, A.K.D.; Balakrishnan, R. |
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Title |
Ecology of acoustic signalling and the problem of masking interference in insects |
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2015 |
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Journal of Comparative Physiology A |
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201 |
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1 |
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133-142 |
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Abstract |
The efficiency of long-distance acoustic signalling of insects in their natural habitat is constrained in several ways. Acoustic signals are not only subjected to changes imposed by the physical structure of the habitat such as attenuation and degradation but also to masking interference from co-occurring signals of other acoustically communicating species. Masking interference is likely to be a ubiquitous problem in multi-species assemblages, but successful communication in natural environments under noisy conditions suggests powerful strategies to deal with the detection and recognition of relevant signals. In this review we present recent work on the role of the habitat as a driving force in shaping insect signal structures. In the context of acoustic masking interference, we discuss the ecological niche concept and examine the role of acoustic resource partitioning in the temporal, spatial and spectral domains as sender strategies to counter masking. We then examine the efficacy of different receiver strategies: physiological mechanisms such as frequency tuning, spatial release from masking and gain control as useful strategies to counteract acoustic masking. We also review recent work on the effects of anthropogenic noise on insect acoustic communication and the importance of insect sounds as indicators of biodiversity and ecosystem health. |
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1432-1351 |
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CES @ dilipnaidu.gt @ |
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42988 |
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Mandal, S.; Gadagkar, R. |
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Title |
Homing abilities of the tropical primitively eusocial paper wasp Ropalidia marginata |
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Journal Article |
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2015 |
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Journal of Comparative Physiology A |
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201 |
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8 |
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795-802 |
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Compared to our extensive knowledge about the navigation and homing abilities of ants and bees, we know rather little about these phenomena in social wasps. Here, we report the homing abilities of the tropical primitively eusocial wasp Ropalidia marginata and the factors that affect their homing success. To determine from how far these wasps can return to their nests, we transported foragers blindfold and released them at gradually increasing distances from their nests in four cardinal directions. Their homing success was determined by checking their presence on their nests on three consecutive nights. All foragers (56 individuals, 115 releases) returned back from an area of 0.73 ± 0.25 km2 on the day of release (minimal homing area), whereas 83.8 % of the foragers (217 individuals, 420 releases) returned when we enlarged the area of release to 6.22 ± 0.66 km2 around their nests (maximal homing area). Of 66 releases, no wasps returned from beyond the maximal homing area. The minimal homing area might be familiar to the foragers because they probably routinely forage in this area and the maximal homing area represents the maximum distances from which the wasps are capable of returning to their nests, with or without familiarity. |
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1432-1351 |
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CES @ dilipnaidu.gt @ |
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43021 |
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Varma, V.; Ratnam, J.; Viswanathan, V.; Osuri, A.M.; Biesmeijer, J.C.; Madhusudan, M.D.; Sankaran, M.; Krishnadas, M.; Barua, D.; Budruk, M.; Isvaran, K.; Jayapal, R.; Joshi, J.; Karanth, K.K.; Krishnaswamy, J.; Kumar, R.; Mukherjee, S.; Nagendra, H.; Niphadkar, M.; Owen, N.; Page, N.; Prasad, S.; Quader, S.; Nandini, R.; Robin, V.V.; Sait, S.M.; Shah, M.A.; Somanathan, H.; Srinivasan, U.; Sundaram, B. |
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Title |
Perceptions of priority issues in the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystems in India |
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2015 |
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Biological Conservation |
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187 |
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201-211 |
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biodiversity; Conservation; Ecosystems; India; Perceptions |
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0006-3207 |
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CES @ dilipnaidu.gt @ |
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42955 |
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Krishnan, A.; Ghara, M.; Kasinathan, S.; Pramanik, G.K.; Revadi, S.; Borges, R.M. |
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Title |
Plant reproductive traits mediate tritrophic feedback effects within an obligate brood-site pollination mutualism |
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Journal Article |
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2015 |
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Oecologia |
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179 |
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3 |
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797-809 |
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Plants, herbivores and parasitoids affect each other directly and indirectly; however, feedback effects mediated by host plant traits have rarely been demonstrated in these tritrophic interactions. Brood-site pollination mutualisms (e.g. those involving figs and fig wasps) represent specialised tritrophic communities where the progeny of mutualistic pollinators and of non-mutualistic gallers (both herbivores) together with that of their parasitoids develop within enclosed inflorescences called syconia (hence termed brood-sites or microcosms). Plant reproductive phenology (which affects temporal brood-site availability) and inflorescence size (representing brood-site size) are plant traits that could affect reproductive resources, and hence relationships between trees, pollinators and non-pollinating wasps. Analysing wasp and seed contents of syconia, we examined direct, indirect, trophic and non-trophic relationships within the interaction web of the fig–fig wasp community of Ficus racemosa in the context of brood site size and availability. We demonstrate that in addition to direct resource competition and predator–prey (host–parasitoid) interactions, these communities display exploitative or apparent competition and trait-mediated indirect interactions. Inflorescence size and plant reproductive phenology impacted plant–herbivore and plant–parasitoid associations. These plant traits also influenced herbivore–herbivore and herbivore–parasitoid relationships via indirect effects. Most importantly, we found a reciprocal effect between within-tree reproductive asynchrony and fig wasp progeny abundances per syconium that drives a positive feedback cycle within the system. The impact of a multitrophic feedback cycle within a community built around a mutualistic core highlights the need for a holistic view of plant–herbivore–parasitoid interactions in the community ecology of mutualisms. |
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1432-1939 |
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CES @ dilipnaidu.gt @ |
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43113 |
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Hennin, H.L.; Legagneux, P.; Bêty, J.; Williams, T.D.; Grant Gilchrist, H.; Baker, T.M.; Love, O.P. |
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Title |
Pre-breeding energetic management in a mixed-strategy breeder |
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Journal Article |
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2015 |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Oecologia |
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177 |
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1 |
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235-243 |
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Breeding threshold; Corticosterone; Energetic management; Energetic metabolites; Mixed-strategy breeder |
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Integrative biologists have long appreciated that the effective acquisition and management of energy prior to breeding should strongly influence fitness-related reproductive decisions (timing of breeding and reproductive investment). However, because of the difficulty in capturing pre-breeding individuals, and the tendency towards abandonment of reproduction after capture, we know little about the underlying mechanisms of these life-history decisions. Over 10 years, we captured free-living, arctic-breeding common eiders (Somateria mollissima) up to 3 weeks before investment in reproduction. We examined and characterized physiological parameters predicted to influence energetic management by sampling baseline plasma glucocorticoids (i.e., corticosterone), very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and vitellogenin (VTG) for their respective roles in mediating energetic balance, rate of condition gain (physiological fattening rate) and reproductive investment. Baseline corticosterone increased significantly from arrival to the initiation of reproductive investment (period of rapid follicular growth; RFG), and showed a positive relationship with body mass, indicating that this hormone may stimulate foraging behaviour to facilitate both fat deposition and investment in egg production. In support of this, we found that VLDL increased throughout the pre-breeding period, peaking as predicted during RFG. Female eiders exhibited unprecedentedly high levels of VTG well before their theoretical RFG period, a potential strategy for pre-emptively depositing available protein stores into follicles while females are simultaneously fattening. This study provides some of the first data examining the temporal dynamics and interaction of the energetic mechanisms thought to be at the heart of individual variation in reproductive decisions and success in many vertebrate species. © 2014, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. |
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Environment Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada |
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Cited By :1; Export Date: 17 March 2016 |
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McgGll @ elizabethburgess @ |
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42531 |
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Sharma, P.; Allison, J.P. |
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Immune checkpoint targeting in cancer therapy: toward combination strategies with curative potential |
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2015 |
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Cell |
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161 |
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2 |
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205-214 |
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Research in two fronts has enabled the development of therapies that provide significant benefit to cancer patients. One area stems from a detailed knowledge of mutations that activate or inactivate signaling pathways that drive cancer development. This work triggered the development of targeted therapies that lead to clinical responses in the majority of patients bearing the targeted mutation, although responses are often of limited duration. In the second front are the advances in molecular immunology that unveiled the complexity of the mechanisms regulating cellular immune responses. These developments led to the successful targeting of immune checkpoints to unleash anti-tumor T cell responses, resulting in durable long-lasting responses but only in a fraction of patients. In this Review, we discuss the evolution of research in these two areas and propose that intercrossing them and increasing funding to guide research of combination of agents represent a path forward for the development of curative therapies for the majority of cancer patients. |
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UofT @ ankit.sinha @ |
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45097 |
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Ramachandra, T.V.; Bharath, A.H.; Sowmyashree, M.V. |
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Monitoring urbanization and its implications in a mega city from space: Spatiotemporal patterns and its indicators |
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2015 |
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Journal of Environmental Management |
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148 |
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67-81 |
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Delhi; Remote sensing; Spatial metrics; Urbanization; Urban sprawl |
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0301-4797 |
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CES @ dilipnaidu.gt @ |
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43048 |
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